EL222

Photoreceptor EL222
Binding partner /
Cofactor FMN
Source organism Erythrobacter litoralis
Mode of action homodimerization, DNA binding
Excitation wavelength 450 nm
Reversion wavelength dark
Excitation time seconds
Reversion time seconds
Crystal structure of EL222, ground state (i.e. monomer). (PDB ID: 3P7N)

Related original publications

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  1. Ingestible Hydrogel-Encapsulated Optogenetic Yeast Controlled by Wearable Electronics Enables Programmable IL-10 Delivery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2026
  2. Rapid and reversible regulation of cell cycle progression in budding yeast using optogenetics. Cell Rep Methods, 2026
  3. Multi-level precise regulation of gene transcription in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on light-sensitive CRISPR/Cas systems. Nucleic Acids Res, 2026
  4. Dual-channel optogenetics in yeast for multiplexed light-based control of cellular processes and pathways. Nat Commun, 2026
  5. Rationally designed light-inducible RNA-releasing protein for translational regulation and optogenetic control of gene therapies. Trends Biotechnol, 2026
  6. Photoactivated probiotic micro-reactor synchronizes STING/TLRs agonists to spatiotemporally synergize antitumor immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology, 2026
  7. Light-directed evolution of dynamic, multi-state, and computational protein functionalities. Cell, 2026
  8. Magneto-Photonic Gene Circuit for Minimally Invasive Control of Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells. ACS Omega, 2026
  9. Improving T cell expansion by optogenetically engineered bacteria-loaded MMP-2-responsive cyclophosphamide for antitumor immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology, 2025
  10. Magneto-Photonic Gene Circuit for Minimally Invasive Control of Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells. bioRxiv, 2025
  11. De novo designed protein guiding targeted protein degradation. Nat Commun, 2025
  12. Potent optogenetic regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells for bioproduction and basic research. Nucleic Acids Res, 2025
  13. Orthogonal replication with optogenetic selection evolves yeast JEN1 into a mevalonate transporter. Mol Syst Biol, 2025
  14. Balancing Doses of EL222 and Light Improves Optogenetic Induction of Protein Production in Komagataella phaffii. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2025
  15. Optogenetic control of pheromone gradients and mating behavior in budding yeast. Life Sci Alliance, 2025
  16. Light-induced expression of gRNA allows for optogenetic gene editing of T lymphocytes in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res, 2025
  17. Anti-Pdc1p Nanobody as a Genetically Encoded Inhibitor of Ethanol Production Enables Dual Transcriptional and Post-translational Controls of Yeast Fermentations. ACS Synth Biol, 2025
  18. Light-induced programmable solid-liquid phase transition of biomolecular condensates for improved biosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol, 2025
  19. Functional analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FLO genes through optogenetic control. FEMS Yeast Res, 2025
  20. Optogenetic control of transgene expression in Marchantia polymorpha. Appl Plant Sci, 2025
  21. Optogenetic control of Corynebacterium glutamicum gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res, 2024
  22. Genetically-stable engineered optogenetic gene switches modulate spatial cell morphogenesis in two- and three-dimensional tissue cultures. Nat Commun, 2024
  23. Light-Induced Nanobody-Mediated Targeted Protein Degradation for Metabolic Flux Control. ACS Synth Biol, 2024
  24. Bacteria-based cascade in situ near-infrared nano-optogenetically induced photothermal tumor therapy. Theranostics, 2024
  25. Optogenetic control of phosphate-responsive genes using single component fusion proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. bioRxiv, 2024
  26. Multisite Assembly of Gateway Induced Clones (MAGIC): a flexible cloning toolbox with diverse applications in vertebrate model systems. bioRxiv, 2024
  27. Dynamic Multiplexed Control and Modeling of Optogenetic Systems Using the High-Throughput Optogenetic Platform, Lustro. ACS Synth Biol, 2024
  28. Multicolor optogenetics for regulating flux ratio of three glycolytic pathways using EL222 and CcaSR in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2023
  29. Light induced expression of gRNA allows for optogenetic gene editing of T lymphocytes in vivo. bioRxiv, 2023
  30. Diya – a universal light illumination platform for multiwell plate cultures. iScience, 2023
  31. Multidimensional characterization of inducible promoters and a highly light-sensitive LOV-transcription factor. Nat Commun, 2023
  32. A Bioluminescent Activity Dependent (BLADe) Platform for Converting Neuronal Activity to Photoreceptor Activation. bioRxiv, 2023
  33. Optogenetic closed-loop feedback control of the unfolded protein response optimizes protein production. Metab Eng, 2023
  34. Light inducible protein degradation in E. coli with LOVtag. bioRxiv, 2023
  35. Optogenetic control of beta-carotene bioproduction in yeast across multiple lab-scales. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2023
  36. Near-Infrared Nano-Optogenetic Activation of Cancer Immunotherapy via Engineered Bacteria. Adv Mater, 2022
  37. A Single-Component Blue Light-Induced System Based on EL222 in Yarrowia lipolytica. Int J Mol Sci, 2022
  38. Hydrogel microcapsules containing engineered bacteria for sustained production and release of protein drugs. Biomaterials, 2022
  39. Synthetic cells with self-activating optogenetic proteins communicate with natural cells. Nat Commun, 2022
  40. Synthetic gene networks recapitulate dynamic signal decoding and differential gene expression. Cell Syst, 2022
  41. Using single-cell models to predict the functionality of synthetic circuits at the population scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2022
  42. Systematic In Vivo Characterization of Fluorescent Protein Maturation in Budding Yeast. ACS Synth Biol, 2022
  43. Development of Optogenetic Dual-Switch System for Rewiring Metabolic Flux for Polyhydroxybutyrate Production. Molecules, 2022
  44. Design and Characterization of an Optogenetic System in Pichia pastoris. ACS Synth Biol, 2022
  45. A light tunable differentiation system for the creation and control of consortia in yeast. Nat Commun, 2021
  46. Rapid prototyping and design of cybergenetic single-cell controllers. Nat Commun, 2021
  47. Light-Induced GFP Expression in Zebrafish Embryos using the Optogenetic TAEL/C120 System. J Vis Exp, 2021
  48. The Neurospora crassa Inducible Q System Enables Simultaneous Optogenetic Amplification and Inversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Bidirectional Control of Gene Expression. ACS Synth Biol, 2021
  49. Cellulosic biofuel production using emulsified simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (eSSF) with conventional and thermotolerant yeasts. Biotechnol Biofuels, 2021
  50. Engineered NIR light-responsive bacteria as anti-tumor agent for targeted and precise cancer therapy. Lancet Infect Dis, 2021
  51. Optogenetic Amplification Circuits for Light-Induced Metabolic Control. ACS Synth Biol, 2021
  52. Blue Light‐Operated CRISPR/Cas13b‐Mediated mRNA Knockdown (Lockdown). Adv Biol, 2021
  53. TAEL 2.0: An Improved Optogenetic Expression System for Zebrafish. Zebrafish, 2021
  54. Dynamical Modeling of Optogenetic Circuits in Yeast for Metabolic Engineering Applications. ACS Synth Biol, 2021
  55. Optogenetics in Sinorhizobium meliloti Enables Spatial Control of Exopolysaccharide Production and Biofilm Structure. ACS Synth Biol, 2021
  56. An Optogenetic Platform to Dynamically Control the Stiffness of Collagen Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2020
  57. Engineering an Optogenetic CRISPRi Platform for Improved Chemical Production. ACS Synth Biol, 2020
  58. An Irf6-Esrp1/2 regulatory axis controls midface morphogenesis in vertebrates. Development, 2020
  59. Design and Characterization of Rapid Optogenetic Circuits for Dynamic Control in Yeast Metabolic Engineering. ACS Synth Biol, 2020
  60. Optogenetic Downregulation of Protein Levels to Control Programmed Cell Death in Mammalian Cells with a Dual Blue-Light Switch. Methods Mol Biol, 2020
  61. Optogenetic control of gene expression in plants in the presence of ambient white light. Nat Methods, 2020
  62. Light-powered Escherichia coli cell division for chemical production. Nat Commun, 2020
  63. Blue Light-Directed Cell Migration, Aggregation, and Patterning. J Mol Biol, 2020
  64. Optical induction of autophagy via Transcription factor EB (TFEB) reduces pathological tau in neurons. PLoS ONE, 2020
  65. Cell-in-the-loop pattern formation with optogenetically emulated cell-to-cell signaling. Nat Commun, 2020
  66. An Open-Source Plate Reader. Biochemistry, 2018
  67. Programming the Dynamic Control of Bacterial Gene Expression with a Chimeric Ligand- and Light-Based Promoter System. ACS Synth Biol, 2018
  68. Dual-controlled optogenetic system for the rapid down-regulation of protein levels in mammalian cells. Sci Rep, 2018
  69. Pulsatile inputs achieve tunable attenuation of gene expression variability and graded multi-gene regulation. Nat Commun, 2018
  70. An Optogenetic Platform for Real-Time, Single-Cell Interrogation of Stochastic Transcriptional Regulation. Mol Cell, 2018
  71. Cell-free optogenetic gene expression system. ACS Synth Biol, 2018
  72. Optogenetic regulation of engineered cellular metabolism for microbial chemical production. Nature, 2018
  73. A calcium- and light-gated switch to induce gene expression in activated neurons. Nat Biotechnol, 2017
  74. TAEL: a zebrafish-optimized optogenetic gene expression system with fine spatial and temporal control. Development, 2016
  75. Blue light-mediated transcriptional activation and repression of gene expression in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res, 2016
  76. An optogenetic gene expression system with rapid activation and deactivation kinetics. Nat Chem Biol, 2014
  77. Blue light-induced dimerization of a bacterial LOV-HTH DNA-binding protein. Biochemistry, 2013
  78. Blue light-mediated gene expression as a promising strategy to reduce antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J, 2024
  79. Construction and Characterization of Light-Responsive Transcriptional Systems. Methods Mol Biol, 2024