CRY2/CRY2

Photoreceptor CRY2
Binding partner /
Cofactor FAD
Source organism Arabidopsis thaliana
Mode of action homooligomerization
Excitation wavelength 450 nm
Reversion wavelength dark
Excitation time seconds
Reversion time minutes
Crystal structure of CRY2. (PDB ID: 6K8I)

CRY2/CRY2-derived switches:

Related original publications

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  1. Optogenetic control of biomolecular organization reveals distinct roles of phase separation in RTK signaling. Cell Chem Biol, 2025
  2. FLASH-AWAY: Intrabody-Directed Targeting of Optogenetic Tools for Protein Degradation. ACS Synth Biol, 2025
  3. Quantifying cancer- and drug-induced changes in Shannon information capacity of RTK signaling. Sci Rep, 2025
  4. OptoLoop: An optogenetic tool to probe the functional role of genome organization. bioRxiv, 2025
  5. A single-component optogenetic toolkit for programmable control of microtubule. bioRxiv, 2025
  6. Shining light on drug discovery: optogenetic screening for TopBP1 biomolecular condensate inhibitors. NAR Cancer, 2025
  7. Modulating inter-mitochondrial contacts to increase membrane potential for mitigating blue light damage. bioRxiv, 2025
  8. OptoBarrier: An Optogenetic Platform for Modulating Endothelial Barriers In Vitro. ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2025
  9. Activation of NF-κB Signaling by Optogenetic Clustering of IKKα and β. Adv Biol (Weinh), 2025
  10. Optogenetic engineering of lipid droplet spatial organization for tumor suppression. Trends Biotechnol, 2025
  11. The pioneer transcription factor Zelda controls the exit from regeneration and restoration of patterning in Drosophila. Sci Adv, 2025
  12. KIF2C condensation concentrates PLK1 and phosphorylated BRCA2 on kinetochore microtubules in mitosis. Nucleic Acids Res, 2025
  13. β-Arrestin Condensates Regulate G Protein-Coupled Receptor Function. bioRxiv, 2025
  14. Tissue sculpting with light. Cell Syst, 2025
  15. Anti-resonance in developmental signaling regulates cell fate decisions. bioRxiv, 2025
  16. Optogenetically Activatable MLKL as a Standalone Functional Module for Necroptosis and Therapeutic Applications in Antitumoral Immunity. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2025
  17. Optogenetic control of Protein Kinase C-epsilon activity reveals its intrinsic signaling properties with spatiotemporal resolution. bioRxiv, 2025
  18. CD44 and Ezrin restrict EGF receptor mobility to generate a novel spatial arrangement of cytoskeletal signaling modules driving bleb-based migration. bioRxiv, 2025
  19. Spatiotemporal control of subcellular O-GlcNAc signaling using Opto-OGT. Nat Chem Biol, 2024
  20. Dysfunctional RNA binding protein induced neurodegeneration is attenuated by inhibition of the integrated stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2024
  21. CELF2 promotes tau exon 10 inclusion via hinge domain-mediated nuclear condensation. bioRxiv, 2024
  22. C9orf72 poly-PR forms anisotropic condensates causative of nuclear TDP-43 pathology. iScience, 2024
  23. Spatiotemporal Control of Inflammatory Lytic Cell Death Through Optogenetic Induction of RIPK3 Oligomerization. J Mol Biol, 2024
  24. Ubiquitin-driven protein condensation initiates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. bioRxiv, 2024
  25. Optogenetically controlled inflammasome activation demonstrates two phases of cell swelling during pyroptosis. Sci Signal, 2024
  26. Focal adhesion-derived liquid-liquid phase separations regulate mRNA translation. bioRxiv, 2024
  27. Optogenetic control of mRNA condensation reveals an intimate link between condensate material properties and functions. Nat Commun, 2024
  28. Engineering Material Properties of Transcription Factor Condensates to Control Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells and Mice. Small, 2024
  29. Spatial organization and functions of Chk1 activation by TopBP1 biomolecular condensates. Cell Rep, 2024
  30. Dynamic light-responsive RhoA activity regulates mechanosensitive stem cell fate decision in 3D matrices. Biomater Adv, 2024
  31. OptoProfilin: A Single Component Biosensor of Applied Cellular Stress. Chembiochem, 2024
  32. Simple visualization of submicroscopic protein clusters with a phase-separation-based fluorescent reporter. Cell Syst, 2024
  33. Rapid Optogenetic Clustering in the Cytoplasm with BcLOVclust. J Mol Biol, 2024
  34. Real-time visualization of structural dynamics of synapses in live cells in vivo. Nat Methods, 2024
  35. Optogenetic induction of caspase-8 mediated apoptosis by employing Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2. Sci Rep, 2023
  36. Regulatable assembly of synthetic microtubule architectures using engineered MAP-IDR condensates. bioRxiv, 2023
  37. AAV-compatible optogenetic tools for activating endogenous calcium channels in vivo. Mol Brain, 2023
  38. Optogenetic engineering of STING signaling allows remote immunomodulation to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun, 2023
  39. A novel SATB1 protein isoform with different biophysical properties. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2023
  40. Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling models cell-intrinsic embryogenic patterning using 2D human pluripotent stem cell culture. Development, 2023
  41. Optogenetic dissection of RET signaling reveals robust activation of ERK and enhanced filopodia-like protrusions of regenerating axons. Mol Brain, 2023
  42. Sequence- and structure-specific RNA oligonucleotide binding attenuates heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 dysfunction. Front Mol Biosci, 2023
  43. mRNA condensation fluidizes the cytoplasm. bioRxiv, 2023
  44. Mechanosensitive stem cell fate choice is instructed by dynamic fluctuations in activation of Rho GTPases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2023
  45. The MAPK/ERK channel capacity exceeds 6 bit/hour. PLoS Comput Biol, 2023
  46. Optogenetic manipulation identifies the roles of ERK and AKT dynamics in controlling mouse embryonic stem cell exit from pluripotency. Dev Cell, 2023
  47. Light-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islet-like organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Ther, 2023
  48. Interaction between PI3K and the VDAC2 channel tethers Ras-PI3K-positive endosomes to mitochondria and promotes endosome maturation. Cell Rep, 2023
  49. Spatiotemporal control of ERK pulse frequency coordinates fate decisions during mammary acinar morphogenesis. Dev Cell, 2022
  50. Nucleation of the destruction complex on the centrosome accelerates degradation of β-catenin and regulates Wnt signal transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2022
  51. CRY-BARs: Versatile light-gated molecular tools for the remodeling of membrane architectures. J Biol Chem, 2022
  52. LITOS: a versatile LED illumination tool for optogenetic stimulation. Sci Rep, 2022
  53. Integration of light and temperature sensing by liquid-liquid phase separation of phytochrome B. Mol Cell, 2022
  54. A non-canonical Raf function is required for dorsal-ventral patterning during Drosophila embryogenesis. Sci Rep, 2022
  55. Optical control of protein delivery and partitioning in the nucleolus. Nucleic Acids Res, 2022
  56. Wnt Signaling Rescues Amyloid Beta-Induced Gut Stem Cell Loss. Cells, 2022
  57. Substratum stiffness regulates Erk signaling dynamics through receptor-level control. Cell Rep, 2021
  58. Temperature-responsive optogenetic probes of cell signaling. Nat Chem Biol, 2021
  59. Stress ball morphogenesis: How the lizard builds its lung. Sci Adv, 2021
  60. Formation of nuclear condensates by the Mediator complex subunit Med15 in mammalian cells. BMC Biol, 2021
  61. Aberrant Phase Separation of FUS Leads to Lysosome Sequestering and Acidification. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021
  62. Optogenetic-mediated cardiovascular differentiation and patterning of human pluripotent stem cells. Adv Genet (Hoboken), 2021
  63. An optogenetic proximity labeling approach to probe the composition of inducible biomolecular condensates in cultured cells. STAR Protoc, 2021
  64. Spatiotemporal sensitivity of mesoderm specification to FGFR signalling in the Drosophila embryo. Sci Rep, 2021
  65. TOR signaling regulates liquid phase separation of the SMN complex governing snRNP biogenesis. Cell Rep, 2021
  66. Positive feedback between the T cell kinase Zap70 and its substrate LAT acts as a clustering-dependent signaling switch. Cell Rep, 2021
  67. DMA-tudor interaction modules control the specificity of in vivo condensates. Cell, 2021
  68. Collective ERK/Akt activity waves orchestrate epithelial homeostasis by driving apoptosis-induced survival. Dev Cell, 2021
  69. Robustness of epithelial sealing is an emerging property of local ERK feedback driven by cell elimination. Dev Cell, 2021
  70. Optogenetic Control of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway During Xenopus laevis Embryonic Development. J Mol Biol, 2021
  71. Optogenetic-induced multimerization of the dopamine transporter increases uptake and trafficking to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem, 2021
  72. Optogenetic Control of Non-Apoptotic Cell Death. Adv Biology, 2021
  73. Optogenetic control of calcium influx in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol, 2021
  74. Multiple Sclerosis-Associated hnRNPA1 Mutations Alter hnRNPA1 Dynamics and Influence Stress Granule Formation. Int J Mol Sci, 2021
  75. Co-condensation between transcription factor and coactivator p300 modulates transcriptional bursting kinetics. Mol Cell, 2021
  76. TopBP1 assembles nuclear condensates to switch on ATR signaling. Mol Cell, 2021
  77. Liquid-liquid phase separation of light-inducible transcription factors increases transcription activation in mammalian cells and mice. Sci Adv, 2021
  78. Engineering Supramolecular Organizing Centers for Optogenetic Control of Innate Immune Responses. Adv Biol, 2020
  79. Use of Optogenetic Amyloid-β to Monitor Protein Aggregation in Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio and Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc, 2020
  80. β-Catenin signaling dynamics regulate cell fate in differentiating neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020
  81. Novel culture system via wirelessly controllable optical stimulation of the FGF signaling pathway for human and pig pluripotency. Biomaterials, 2020
  82. Engineered Illumination Devices for Optogenetic Control of Cellular Signaling Dynamics. Cell Rep, 2020
  83. Optical Activation of TrkB Signaling. J Mol Biol, 2020
  84. Clustering of the ζ-Chain Can Initiate T Cell Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci, 2020
  85. CLIC4 is a cytokinetic cleavage furrow protein that regulates cortical cytoskeleton stability during cell division. J Cell Sci, 2020
  86. Unblending of Transcriptional Condensates in Human Repeat Expansion Disease. Cell, 2020
  87. Dynamic Fas signaling network regulates neural stem cell proliferation and memory enhancement. Sci Adv, 2020
  88. Application of optogenetic Amyloid-β distinguishes between metabolic and physical damage in neurodegeneration. Elife, 2020
  89. An Optogenetic Method to Study Signal Transduction in Intestinal StemCell Homeostasis. J Mol Biol, 2020
  90. Optogenetic manipulation of calcium signals in single T cells in vivo. Nat Commun, 2020
  91. Optogenetic modulation of TrkB signaling in the mouse brain. J Mol Biol, 2020
  92. Non-invasive optical control of endogenous Ca2+ channels in awake mice. Nat Commun, 2020
  93. Locally Activating TrkB Receptor Generates Actin Waves and Specifies Axonal Fate. Cell Chem Biol, 2019
  94. Engineering Strategy and Vector Library for the Rapid Generation of Modular Light-Controlled Protein-Protein Interactions. J Mol Biol, 2019
  95. Light-based control of metabolic flux through assembly of synthetic organelles. Nat Chem Biol, 2019
  96. Chronic optogenetic induction of stress granules is cytotoxic and reveals the evolution of ALS-FTD pathology. Elife, 2019
  97. RNA Binding Antagonizes Neurotoxic Phase Transitions of TDP-43. Neuron, 2019
  98. Continued Activity of the Pioneer Factor Zelda Is Required to Drive Zygotic Genome Activation. Mol Cell, 2019
  99. Intensiometric biosensors visualize the activity of multiple small GTPases in vivo. Nat Commun, 2019
  100. Liquid Nuclear Condensates Mechanically Sense and Restructure the Genome. Cell, 2018
  101. Optogenetic dissection of Rac1 and Cdc42 gradient shaping. Nat Commun, 2018
  102. Optical activation of TrkA signaling. ACS Synth Biol, 2018
  103. Protein Phase Separation Provides Long-Term Memory of Transient Spatial Stimuli. Cell Syst, 2018
  104. Filopodia Conduct Target Selection in Cortical Neurons Using Differences in Signal Kinetics of a Single Kinase. Neuron, 2018
  105. Coupling optogenetics and light-sheet microscopy, a method to study Wnt signaling during embryogenesis. Sci Rep, 2017
  106. Optogenetic control of focal adhesion kinase signaling. Cell Signal, 2017
  107. Understanding CRY2 interactions for optical control of intracellular signaling. Nat Commun, 2017
  108. Decoding temporal interpretation of the morphogen Bicoid in the early Drosophila embryo. Elife, 2017
  109. Optogenetic protein clustering through fluorescent protein tagging and extension of CRY2. Nat Commun, 2017
  110. Optogenetic activation of Plexin-B1 reveals contact repulsion between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Nat Commun, 2017
  111. Spatiotemporal Control of Intracellular Phase Transitions Using Light-Activated optoDroplets. Cell, 2016
  112. Optogenetic clustering of CNK1 reveals mechanistic insights in RAF and AKT signalling controlling cell fate decisions. Sci Rep, 2016
  113. Using HEK293T Expression System to Study Photoactive Plant Cryptochromes. Front Plant Sci, 2016
  114. Optogenetic activation of axon guidance receptors controls direction of neurite outgrowth. Sci Rep, 2016
  115. Optogenetically controlled RAF to characterize BRAF and CRAF protein kinase inhibitors. Sci Rep, 2016
  116. Optogenetic control of endogenous Ca(2+) channels in vivo. Nat Biotechnol, 2015
  117. The Dual Characteristics of Light-Induced Cryptochrome 2, Homo-oligomerization and Heterodimerization, for Optogenetic Manipulation in Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol, 2015
  118. Regulation of endogenous transmembrane receptors through optogenetic Cry2 clustering. Nat Commun, 2015
  119. An optimized optogenetic clustering tool for probing protein interaction and function. Nat Commun, 2014
  120. Spatiotemporal control of fibroblast growth factor receptor signals by blue light. Chem Biol, 2014
  121. Light-inducible receptor tyrosine kinases that regulate neurotrophin signalling. Nat Commun, 2014
  122. Optogenetic control of protein kinase activity in mammalian cells. ACS Synth Biol, 2013
  123. Formation of Arabidopsis Cryptochrome 2 photobodies in mammalian nuclei: application as an optogenetic DNA damage checkpoint switch. J Biol Chem, 2013
  124. Optogenetic protein clustering and signaling activation in mammalian cells. Nat Methods, 2013
  125. Optogenetic actuator - ERK biosensor circuits identify MAPK network nodes that shape ERK dynamics. Mol Syst Biol, 2022