Optical control of cell signaling by single-chain photoswitchable kinases.
                            
                                cyan
                            
                            
                                Dronpa145K/N
                            
                                Dronpa145N
                            
                                pdDronpa1
                            
                            
                                
                                    C. elegans in vivo
                                
                            
                                
                                    HEK293
                                
                            
                                
                                    HEK293T
                                
                            
                                
                                    in vitro
                                
                            
                                
                                    NIH/3T3
                                
                            
                            
                                Signaling cascade control
                            
                                Control of intracellular / vesicular transport
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        
                            Abstract:
                            Protein kinases transduce signals to regulate a wide array of cellular functions in eukaryotes. A generalizable method for optical control of kinases would enable fine spatiotemporal interrogation or manipulation of these various functions. We report the design and application of single-chain cofactor-free kinases with photoswitchable activity. We engineered a dimeric protein, pdDronpa, that dissociates in cyan light and reassociates in violet light. Attaching two pdDronpa domains at rationally selected locations in the kinase domain, we created the photoswitchable kinases psRaf1, psMEK1, psMEK2, and psCDK5. Using these photoswitchable kinases, we established an all-optical cell-based assay for screening inhibitors, uncovered a direct and rapid inhibitory feedback loop from ERK to MEK1, and mediated developmental changes and synaptic vesicle transport in vivo using light.